► To bolster cyber security in one’s nation, cooperation among countries is essential to a greater extent, due to the transnational characteristic of cyberspace. ► Governments now prefer to facilitate ‘development cooperation’ as a new method for pursuing cyber capacity building at the global level. Linking cyber security and development cooperation may seem unfamiliar because these two s...

► The pervasive use of emerging technologies, including the internet and ICT, has led to a rise in cybercrimes, shifting focus from individuals to government agencies, critical infrastructure, and corporations, with implications for human life and national security. ► While discussions for an Additional Protocol are ongoing, the UN passed a resolution in December 2019 to create a committee for develo...

► NATO, a political and military security alliance, has agreed to include cyber defense in its core defense tasks and to apply collective defense. ► NATO invited Indo-Pacific leaders including Korea to the 2022 NATO Summit in Madrid, and Korea announced its Indo-Pacific Strategy in 2022 along with its diplomatic vision to become a Global Pivotal State. As a global partner of NATO, Korea has ple...

► Smart Ships, as well as Partial Autonomous Ships and Fully Autonomous Ships, all heavily rely on communication technology but also remain vulnerable to cyber threats. Incidents such as hacking attempts on defense companies like Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering in 2021 and ransomware attacks targeting the world's largest shipping company, Maersk Line, in 2017, have underscored its signif...

► Cybersecurity measures can create barriers to international trade, some of which result in a violation of obligations under trade agreements, and some policymakers seek to justify these measures on the basis of security exceptions. Yet security exception clauses drafted in the pre-digital era (or in the inception of the digital era) do not fit into cybersecurity. ► States can exceptionally tak...