►North Korea’s emphasis on massive nuclear production and missiles made South Korea prioritize deterring North Korea’s provocations by i) reinforcing the three-axis system and ii) enhancing extended deterrence through the U.S.-ROK Nuclear Consultative Group. ►A so-called ‘arms to disarm’ approach is needed to develop conventional deterrence capabilities that render North Korea’s systems obsolete and ...

►Due to North Korea's persistent commitment to nuclear armament, achieving denuclearization through international cooperation is unrealistic. ►Although the parties involved prioritize denuclearization through cooperation between the US and North Korea, the longstanding enmity and mutual distrust between the two countries are making it difficult for future coordination. China and Russia, who share responsibilit...